Mary Fitzroy’s family was desperate to remain in King Henry VIII’s favor, so they devised a troubling plan with her at its center. But Mary refused to be a passive pawn in their schemes. She ultimately betrayed them in a startling, unforgettable way. Born Mary Howard in 1519, she was the third of five children born to Lady Elizabeth Stafford and Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey.

At the time of her birth, her father was the third-highest-ranking nobleman in England, holding influential court positions such as Earl Marshal and Lord High Treasurer. Her grandparents were the Duke and Duchess of Norfolk and Buckingham, making her family one of the most powerful political forces in the kingdom. The Howards were known for their ambition and their willingness to risk everything to gainand hold power. Mary’s cousins included Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, and Catherine Howard—three of Henry VIII’s wives.
The family watched these queens closely, waiting for their own opportunityto rise even higher. Although they remained conservative Catholicsduring the Protestant Reformation, Mary herself would later show sympathy for reformist ideas. Raisedprimarilyonthefamily’sruralestatesinEastAnglia, Marylikelyenjoyedacomfortablearistocraticupbringing,thoughfewspecificdetailsofherchildhoodsurvive. Herfatherwascruelanda hypocrite,ashisstrictCatholicfaithdidnotstophimfromtakingamistressin1527,causingthefamilyhouseholdtotearapart.
Byherteenageyears,however,Maryprovedtobeintelligent,capable,andbeautiful-qualitiesshewouldeventuallyusewithgreatskill. Politically, however, herfamilywasgamblingbig. In1521,hermaternalgrandfather,theDukeofBuckingham,wasconvictedoftreasonandexecutedafterthekinggrewsuspiciousofhispowerfulconnections. WithBuckinghamgone,ThomasHowardwaspromotedtoDukeofNorfolkuponhisfather’sdeathin1524.
Theverynextyear,HenryVIIIelevatedhisillegitimateson,HenryFitzroy,toDukeofRichmondandSomerset. Aftertheking’scardinalTomWolseyfellfrompower,Norfolksawhisopportunityoftakeoverthercareoftheroyalward. Agreeing,eagerly. Theking,impressedbytheDuke’smanagementofhisson,soughttobindthetwofamiliesclosertogether.
InNovember1533,arrangementswerecompleted,andMaryHowardmarriedHenryFitzroy,thenaturalsonofKingHenryVIII. Shewasjustthirteenyearsold;hewasfourteen. Neitheryoungspousehadsayintheunion,butfortheHowardandBoleynfamilies,itwasatriumphoftheirpoliticalambitions. AsMaryFitzroy,DuchessofRichmondandSomerset,shehadmarriedamanwidelyseenasthemostlikelyfutureKingofEngland,sincesincethekinghadnolegitimateson.
PerhapsMarydreamedofbecomingqueen. Butthosehopescollapseddramaticallywhen,afterthreeyearsofmarriage,HenryFitzroydiedoftuberculosisonJuly23,1536,justpast hisseventeenthbirthday. Addinginsulttoinjury,KingHenryrefusedtorecognizetheunionasvalidbecause,byhisorder,thecouplehadneverconsummatedthemarriage. ThattechnicalitystrippedMaryoftheextensivelandsshewouldnormallyhaveinheritedasawidowedduchess.
Thoughdeprivedofherinheritance,Maryremainedatcourt,wherewassettledintoaquieterwidowedlife. ShebecameparticularlyclosewithMargaretDouglas,herlatehusband’scousin. TogethertheyhelpedcompiletheDevonshireManuscript,acollectionofTudorpoetrythatincludedtheirowncompositions. Maryseemedcontentlivingacreativelife,uninterestedinremarriage.
Butpoliticalstormswouldnotleaveheraloneelin 1542,hercousinCatherineHoward,KingHenry’sfifthwife,wasarrestedontreasonchargesofadultery. BecauseMarywasaHowardshewasthrowninto theTowerofLondonalongwiththerestofthefamily. Herfather,desperatetosalvagehispoliticalstanding,proposedmarryingMarytoThomasSeymour,brotherofKingHenry’sthirdwife. KingHenrygrantedhisapproval,andsothefamilybreathhasedcollectively,seeingMaryastheirchancetoreturntoroyalfavor.
ButMaryrefusedoutright,muchtoherfamily’sfrustration. Shewasnotaloneinherprotest;herbrother,HenryHoward,EarlofSurrey,alsoopposedtheunion—forhispersonalreasons. SurreyhishisownplantoelevatetheHowardname:hesuggestedMaryinsteadseduceKingHenryhimself. Marywasfuriousattheproposition,andthesiblingsseveredallcommunications.
Shellshortlyafterwardgrewan evenmorestunningturnofevents. BothMary’sfatherandherbrotherweretriasedfortreason. AndthenMaryshockedeveryoneatthetrialbytestifyingagainstthem. Whethermotivatedbyself-preservationoratruechangeofconviction,hertestimonyhelpedsealthefatesofthetwomostpowerfulHowardmen.
Bothwereconvictedandsentencedtodeath. Herbrother,HenryHoward,wasbeheadedonJanuary19,1547. Herfatherwasduetomeethissamefateonlyninedayslater,onJanuary28. ButhiswifeescapedwhenHenryVIIIhimselfdiedintheearlyhoursofthatverymorning.
ThechaosthatfollowedmeantthechargesagainstTheDukeofNorfolkwereneverpursuedbythenewking,EdwardVI. Hisspenttheremainderofthenewking’sreignimprisonedintheTowerofLondoninsteadofontheblock. ThoughraisedasadevoutCatholic,MaryFitzroyhadlongbeensympathietictoreformideas—aperhapsreasonforherwillinglesstoturnonherfamily. Despitethebitterestrangementinherfamily,afterherbrother’sexecutionshetookresponsibilityforhisfivechildren,ensuringtheirfuturesbyplacingthemunderthecareoftheProtestanthistorianJohnFoxe.
MaryneverremarriedafterthedeathofHenryFitzroy,awhoselikelyreflectionofherindependentspirit. ShelargelyretreatedfrompubliclifefollowingHenryVIII’sdeath,seeminglycontenttolivewithoutinfluence. ShebarelyavoidedthepoliticalturmoilthatgreetedQueenMaryIwhenthatsmonarchbeganherreignin1553. MaryFitzroy,DuchessofRichmondandSomerset,diedonDecember7,1557,atageof37or38,possiblyafterasevereillness.
Sheleavingbehindalegacyofquietindependenceandsharppoliticalinstinctusedonherownterms.


